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Advancing NIH’s Mission Through a Unified Strategy

As stewards of taxpayer funds, NIH must deliver results that matter to the public. Today, I’m pleased to announce that NIH is moving toward a unified strategy that aligns our priorities and funding approaches to fulfill this commitment. Through this strategy, we will better leverage the synergistic missions of each NIH Institute and Center to fund the most meritorious science, address urgent health needs, and sustain a robust biomedical research workforce.

A central pillar of this approach is balancing scientific opportunity with mission-critical objectives. NIH is sharpening its focus on chronic health issues that affect Americans, including chronic childhood diseases and nutrition. We are also prioritizing next-generation tools such as artificial intelligence, alternative testing models, and real-world data platforms.

To rebuild public trust, NIH is enhancing oversight of funded research abroad and reinforcing its commitment to responsible stewardship of taxpayer dollars. We will expand support for replication studies and strengthen our capacity to advance groundbreaking science. At the same time, NIH remains dedicated to fostering open, competitive, and accountable science and supporting investigators as they pursue innovative, and sometimes controversial, questions grounded in rigorous methodology.

A core function of NIH Institutes and Centers is to assess scientific merit within the context of NIH’s broader strategic goals and develop appropriate research funding plans accordingly. In an environment where NIH receives more meritorious applications than it can fund, this review process is increasingly critical. To that end, NIH will empower its Institutes, Centers and Offices to make funding decisions that reflect agency and institute priorities, scientific opportunity, program balance, workforce needs, and other core principles that will be consistently applied across the agency.

Taxpayer dollars are a finite resource, entrusted to NIH officials to invest in the nation’s future. By transparently establishing priorities and aligning our goals, we aim to demonstrate to the American public that we take this commitment seriously—and that we are doing all we can to honor their trust.

Jay Bhattacharya, M.D., Ph.D.
Director, NIH

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.

NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health^®

Priorities:

This document has been prepared in furtherance of the NIH Director’s responsibility to provide the overall direction of NIH, to establish and implement general policies respecting the management and operation of NIH programs and activities, and to coordinate and oversee the operation of NIH’s institutes, centers, and offices. See 42 U.S.C. § 282(b)(1) & (2). Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of all agency priorities. This document is intended to clarify specific issues that currently require additional guidance. NIH continues to support projects across the full spectrum of biomedical research topics. Through an executive order on Gold-Standard Science and the Make America Healthy Again Commission Report, the President has directed the NIH to close critical research gaps and guide efforts to better combat chronic disease in America and improve the health of all Americans through gold-standard science. To meet these requirements and fulfill our mission, NIH is prioritizing research in the following areas:

Training future biomedical scientists:

NIH training programs should focus on training future physicians and scientists to lead American preeminence in biomedical research in the 21^stcentury. Programs should allow trainees to design and conduct the highest quality scientific studies. Importantly, these programs should be based on merit, follow civil rights law, and not discriminate against anyone. NIH and the institutions we support must also uphold safe, equal, and healthy working and learning conditions conducive to high-quality research and free inquiry.

Replication and reproducibility:

Replicable, reproducible, and generalizable research must serve as the basis for truth in biomedical science. The “publish or perish” culture favors the promotion of only favorable results, and replication work is little valued or rewarded. NIH is prioritizing research that produces robust, reproducible results. We are exploring various mechanisms to support scientists focused on replication work, to publish negative findings, and to elevate replication research.

Real-World Data Platform:

NIH is establishing a robust and secure national infrastructure to integrate and link data from various real-world sources consistent with a deep respect for individual privacy rights. This new Real-World Data Platform will provide advanced computational analysis resources for investigators across numerous research areas, including neurodevelopmental disorders and chronic diseases.

Artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence breakthroughs provide exciting new possibilities for science and medicine, but require careful, rigorous research to fulfill their promise. The NIH will develop an AI Strategic Plan to enhance transparency in AI models, develop replication standards for AI use in research, and expedite the research, development, and translation of AI discoveries to benefit patients. The plan will consider strategic architecture, high-impact AI use cases, new opportunities to use AI for agency operations, and best practices for validating AI in healthcare delivery.

Nutrition:

NIH will champion initiatives rigorously exploring the role of poor diets in causing common chronic conditions and the identification of healthy diets that can prevent and better manage these conditions. We will prioritize projects focusing on the role of maternal and infant dietary exposures on health outcomes across the lifespan. NIH will also work to initiate long-term studies to understand the impacts of certain foods and diets on obesity and insulin resistance in children.

Furthering our understanding of autism:

NIH is supporting initiatives to understand the etiology and the treatment and care needs of the broad spectrum of people with autism. The new autism data science initiative will support investigators in identifying and addressing data gaps in scientific understanding of the etiology of autism and commonly co-occurring conditions. Activities supported will include creating new data resources and integrating existing data resources into state-of-the-art analyses on autism etiology. The program aims to develop knowledge to improve health outcomes for people on the autism spectrum.

Alternative testing models:

NIH is establishing the Office of Research Innovation, Validation, and Application under the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, to develop, validate, and scale the use of human-biology-based new approach methodologies (NAMs) to complement animal models and enhance investigations. This office will coordinate with NIH institutes, centers, and offices to explore and prioritize ways to reduce our reliance on animal testing to advance technologies that improve translation to humans. Accordingly, all new funding opportunities that include support for animal models will also incorporate language on the consideration of NAMs. The office will serve as a hub for interagency collaboration and expand funding opportunities and infrastructure for non-animal approaches.

Promoting research focused on scientifically valid, measurable health outcomes:

NIH will continue to support research that advances the health of all Americans, regardless of their age, race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. To conduct meaningful biomedical research, scientists must consider both individual and external factors that influence health outcomes, guided by the needs of the specific research question. Some relevant personal characteristics may include demographic indicators such as race and sex, while some contextual factors, like environmental exposures and socioeconomic conditions (e.g., poverty), may also be scientifically significant. Any distinctions made in study design must be directly relevant to the health outcomes under investigation. NIH will support scientifically rigorous research that considers these factors when they are scientifically justified and aligned with the study’s objectives.

In contrast to research that considers race or ethnicity when scientifically justified (described in the paragraph above), research based on ideologies that promote differential treatment of people based on race or ethnicity, rely on poorly defined concepts or on unfalsifiable theories, does not follow the principles of gold-standard science. Such studies divert resources away from projects that advance the health and longevity of all Americans, including minority populations. The NIH will always prioritize gold-standard science.

Investigators must employ specific and measurable concepts in health disparities research. For example, redlining and housing discrimination are clearly defined practices that can measurably impact the health of minority populations. The NIH will support scientifically rigorous research programs that explore such causes as one reason among many for poor health outcomes for Americans.

However, broad or subjective claims—such as attributing worse health outcomes in a particular population to poorly measured factors like systemic racism—should not be presented as established background facts without clearly defining measurable variables that are part of the research question.

Relatedly, research involving participant volunteers should be based on appropriate population descriptors and categories that use precise language to define participant attributes, comparator group attributes, and to whom the study findings apply. Research based on overly broad and scientifically imprecise goals is of low value and off-mission.

Shifting to solution-oriented approaches in health disparities research:

NIH has invested substantially in health disparities research, focusing mainly on identifying and documenting worse health outcomes for minority populations. The field has made significant progress in mapping the breadth and depth of differences in health outcomes across populations, but this research has not always translated into measurable improved health for minority populations.

Going forward, the NIH will prioritize research that goes beyond measuring health disparities to focusing on solution-oriented approaches. This includes actively testing, advancing, scaling, and implementing innovative evidence-based interventions and treatments that address poor health outcomes.

Improving oversight of NIH funds going to foreign research institutions:

The NIH will continue to support research collaborations with institutions and scientists outside the U.S. Many critical breakthroughs that improve the health of Americans have resulted from global partnerships, so foreign scientific research collaborations often have clear scientific value. However, we must take action to ensure better oversight of our funding abroad.

All NIH institutes, centers, and offices should consider whether there is a scientific justification for conducting a research program at a foreign site rather than a domestic one. The NIH should prefer the latter over the former when scientifically justified. We should also consider whether each project involving foreign collaboration will likely lead to better health for Americans, since American taxpayers fund NIH research.

We must also assess risks to national security, biosecurity, and waste, abuse, or fraud at foreign sites where NIH has substandard or no oversight. To address this goal, we have established a new award structure for foreign collaboration. Foreign institutions receiving funds for work on a funded project will henceforth be considered independent awards linked to the parent project. This system will allow the NIH to directly track funds awarded to all foreign components receiving NIH funding and hold all institutions receiving NIH funding to grant terms and conditions regardless of where they are in the world.

Ensuring evidence-based health care for children and teenagers identifying as transgender:

The state of the scientific literature regarding optimal care and support approaches for children and teenagers identifying as transgender and those diagnosed with gender dysphoria is described in the recent HHS review of treatment for pediatric gender dysphoria. In accordance with these data, there are clearly more promising avenues of research that can be taken to improve the health of these populations than to conduct studies that involve the use of puberty suppression, hormone therapy, or surgical intervention to treat gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, or gender incongruence in minors. By contrast, research that aims to identify and treat the harms these therapies and procedures have potentially caused to minors diagnosed with gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, or gender incongruence, and how to best address the needs of these individuals so that they may live long, healthy lives is more promising.

Implementing advances in HIV/AIDS research:

Ending the HIV epidemic in the United States remains a key priority. For more than 40 years, NIH support has enabled significant advances in antiretroviral therapies, transforming the landscape of care and prevention approaches. Recent breakthroughs in simpler-to-take treatments and long-acting prophylactics, and many other recent breakthroughs, provide us with the technological tools needed to finally win this long battle. To take advantage of this opportunity, the NIH will support implementation science and other research directions to improve the uptake of and access to existing medical and behavioral interventions that can significantly limit and eventually eradicate HIV infection from the United States. Research on HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and cure will continue as needed to support this goal.

NIH Guidance

FSU Researchers: 

Please see the recently issued NIH policy on foreign subawards. Please contact the SRA Pre-Award General Mailbox SRA-Pre@fsu.edu or your Grants Officer if you have any questions. The full policy can be accessed at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-25-132.html

Issued by NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH)

NIH is providing guidance to researchers on the appropriate usage of artificial intelligence (AI) to maintain the fairness and originality of NIH’s research application process. NIH is also instituting a new policy limiting the number of applications that NIH will consider per Principal Investigator per calendar year.

In an effort to maintain strong, productive, and secure foreign collaborations in support of the NIH mission, NIH must ensure it can transparently and reliably report on each dollar spent. Therefore, NIH is establishing a new award structure that will prohibit foreign subawards from being nested under the parent grant. This new award structure will include a prime with independent awards that are linked to the prime that will allow NIH to track the project’s funds individually, while scientific progress will be reported collectively by the primary institution, under the Research Performance Progress Report. NIH anticipates implementing the new award structure by no later than September 30, 2025, prior to Fiscal Year 2026.

Background

NIH has recently observed instances of Principal Investigators submitting large numbers of applications, some of which may have been generated with AI tools. While AI may be a helpful tool in reducing the burden of preparing applications, the rapid submission of large numbers of research applications from a single Principal Investigator may unfairly strain NIH’s application review processes. The percentage of applications from Principal Investigators submitting an average of more than six applications per year is relatively low; however, there is evidence that the use of AI tools has enabled Principal Investigators to submit more than 40 distinct applications in a single application submission round.

NIH will continue to employ the latest technology in detection of AI-generated content to identify AI generated applications, but it is imperative that all NIH research applications are consistent with the NIH Grants Policy Statement (GPS) Section 2.1.2’s expectation that institutions and affiliated research teams propose original ideas for funding. AI tools may be appropriate to assist in application preparation for limited aspects or in specific circumstances, but researchers should be aware that using AI comes with its own risks. AI use may result in plagiarism, fabricated citations, or other kinds of research misconduct. As a reminder, NIH oversees research misconduct investigations and acts on non-compliance (see GPS Section 4.1.27).

Policy

NIH will not consider applications that are either substantially developed by AI, or contain sections substantially developed by AI, to be original ideas of applicants. If the detection of AI is identified post award, NIH may refer the matter to the Office of Research Integrity to determine whether there is research misconduct while simultaneously taking enforcement actions including but not limited to disallowing costs, withholding future awards, wholly or in part suspending the grant, and possible termination.

NIH will only accept six new, renewal, resubmission, or revision applications from an individual Principal Investigator/Program Director or Multiple Principal Investigator for all council rounds in a calendar year. This policy applies to all activity codes except T activity codes and R13 Conference Grant Applications. Based on recent data, this limit will affect a relatively small number of Principal Investigators while enabling the NIH to maintain consistently high-quality grant application review and appropriately steward taxpayer dollars.

Effective Date

This policy is effective for applications submitted to the September 25, 2025, receipt date and beyond.

Changes to the NIH Public Access Policy - Effective Immediately

NIH has modified the effective date of the 2024 NIH Public Access Policy to July 1, 2025.  The new policy applies to all peer-reviewed manuscripts accepted for publication in a journal on or after July 1, 2025, for active and new awards. Publications resulting from NIH awards that closed prior to July 1, 2025 are subject to the 2008 Public Access Policy and allowed up to a 12-month embargo period.

What is the NIH Public Access Policy?

The NIH Public Access Policy is an open access mandate established by the National Institutes of Health in 2008 and updated in 2024. The updated policy applies to final peer-reviewed manuscripts or author accepted manuscripts (AAMs) reporting NIH-funded research that are accepted for publication on or after July 1, 2025. These manuscripts must be immediately deposited in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) digital archive, PubMed Central (PMC), without an embargo period (i.e., starting at the manuscript's official date of publication).

What will this mean to you?

If your research is funded by an NIH grant or cooperative agreement (including training grants), contract, or other transaction, or is the result of NIH intramural research or official work of an NIH employee, this policy applies.

When submitting a manuscript for peer review, ensure that the journal understands your right and obligation to make those results publicly available at the time of publication, according to NIH policy. This may or may not result in a difference in Article Processing Charges (APCs)

Upon acceptance of any journal publication resulting from NIH-funded research, you must prepare to submit that full-text publication to PMC. Public availability on the journal or publisher website alone is not sufficient.

You can easily check public access compliance through your MyNCBI Bibliography.

If your NIH-funded study is listed in ClinicalTrials.gov, ensure that the results are also posted to the Study Record.

Failure to comply with this policy is a violation of the terms and conditions of your NIH award.

Funding for this new policy

While compliance with the NIH Policy does not necessarily require the payment of an open access fee to a journal, you may encounter increased APCs for certain journals. To support faculty during this accelerated policy transition, the FSU Office of Research has established a bridge program. This program is intended to help cover the gap ("delta") for those with active NIH grants who do not have sufficient funds in their awards to support compliance with public access publishing. Please note that the program will subsidize only the resulting difference in APCs—not the full amount.

Faculty seeking support must demonstrate a lack of available funding for these expenses. If you find yourself in this situation, please contact Jenn Garye at jgarye@fsu.edu.

For future NIH proposals, we recommend requesting approximately twice the amount previously allocated for publication costs to account for open access requirements, within the limits of reasonable allowable costs described in supplemental guidance: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-25-048.html  

For more information, you can read the policy here: https://grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/public-access

Additional details are available in the NIH Public Access Policy FAQs: https://grants.nih.gov/faqs#/public-access-policy

General Guidance

Overview

Several Executive Orders have been issued (White House News), which reflect shifts in federal priorities. Please review the guidance below on the impact of these changes as federal agencies and sponsors adapt to these developments.  

If you receive information that isn’t already on this page, please forward it to Kerry Peluso, Associate Vice President for Research Administration and Finance (kpeluso@fsu.edu) for inclusion.

Proposals

• Proposals will continue to be submitted under FSU’s existing processes and procedures.
• Sponsor proposal review timelines may be extended while federal agencies navigate pauses on federal assistance funding in specific areas.
• Pre-award spending is not recommended at this time. Requests for Advance Accounts will require additional reviews and may not be approved.

What to Do:

• There may be changes to proposal deadlines. It is recommended to reconfirm the deadline and program dates.
• Reconfirm that the funding announcement has not been revised, postponed, or removed. If available, consider signing up for alerts from the federal agency or sponsor.
• Expect DEIA-related aspects to be removed from solicitations.

Awards

• The terms and conditions of your executed award remain enforceable so long as your award is active.  This includes the ability to invoice and receive reimbursement.  Please continue with business as usual.   If there is a change to your award, FSU will receive an amendment for review and execution.
• We anticipate possible changes to research compliance requirements. These changes could either be implemented directly by a federal agency or sponsor or may require an amendment on a project-by-project basis. We will share any information we receive with you, though you may also receive instructions directly from your Program Officer. It is crucial to act swiftly to ensure compliance with any new requirements, as failure to do so could jeopardize funding.
• We anticipate updates to award reporting requirements. These changes could either be implemented directly by a federal agency or sponsor or may require an amendment on a project-by-project basis. We will share any information we receive with you, though you may also receive instructions directly from your Program Officer.  It is crucial to act swiftly to ensure you comply with any new reporting requirements, as failure to do so could jeopardize funding. If you need assistance managing any requests, please contact your Grants Officer in SRA.
• Delays or pauses in payments for existing grants are anticipated.
• Federal agencies have issued notices to immediately cease all DEIA (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility) activities. These include training, reporting, staffing-related, and other activities. If you are unsure if this would apply to your activities, please contact Kerry Peluso, Associate Vice President for Research Administration and Finance to discuss.

What to Do:

• Review your Grant Award: Ensure you understand the terms, especially clauses related to funding availability and reimbursement.
• Cease any DEIA activities (per note above).
• Funds budgeted for DEIA activities should remain unspent and NOT be rebudgeted to other areas.
• Monitor spending on your projects: Closely monitor obligated budget balances to avoid deficits while awaiting future obligations. Anticipated future funding remains subject to the availability of funds and should not be considered guaranteed. All pre-award spending on existing advance accounts should be kept to a minimum (ensuring that the requirements of the project continue to be met and the project is not negatively impacted).
• Monitor due dates: Ensure reports and deliverables are addressed in a timely manner. Prioritize the submission of any technical reports or deliverables that may be past due.
• Monitor Policy Updates: Keep an eye on announcements from the federal agency overseeing your grant for any updates on funding or compliance requirements.
• Monitor communications from OVPR (Office of the Vice President for Research) and SRA (Sponsored Research Administration): Closely monitor your emails and this dedicated page for Federal Research Updates for any communications regarding updates and changes.
• When engaging in procurement activities for federally funded projects, please consider the following:
• If federal funding has not been obligated to FSU to pay for the procurement, consider postponing or canceling the procurement until the required funds are awarded.
• If a procurement is in process, review the terms and conditions of the agreement for cancellation provisions and upcoming payment milestones.

NIH Guidance

FSU Researchers: 

Please see the recently issued NIH policy on foreign subawards. Please contact the SRA Pre-Award General Mailbox SRA-Pre@fsu.edu or your Grants Officer if you have any questions. The full policy can be accessed at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-25-104.html

Issued by NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH)

This Guide Notice updates NIH policies and practices utilizing foreign subawards. NIH recognizes that some recipients do not accurately report on subawards consistent with Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA) subaward reporting requirements (NIH GPS 8.4.1.5.5), which state that recipients must report on all subawards/subcontracts/consortiums equal to or greater than $30,000. This includes awards that are initially below $30,000 but subsequent grant modifications result in an award equal to or greater than $30,000. This lack of transparency is particularly concerning in the case of foreign subawards, in which the United States government has a need to maintain national security.

In an effort to maintain strong, productive, and secure foreign collaborations in support of the NIH mission, NIH must ensure it can transparently and reliably report on each dollar spent. Therefore, NIH is establishing a new award structure that will prohibit foreign subawards from being nested under the parent grant. This new award structure will include a prime with independent awards that are linked to the prime that will allow NIH to track the project’s funds individually, while scientific progress will be reported collectively by the primary institution, under the Research Performance Progress Report. NIH anticipates implementing the new award structure by no later than September 30, 2025, prior to Fiscal Year 2026.

Applicability

NIH’s policy change applies prospectively to all NIH grants and cooperative agreements to domestic and foreign entities (new, renewal and non-competing continuation). NIH will not retroactively revise ongoing awards to remove foreign subawards at this time. NIH continues to support direct foreign awards. This policy applies to all monetary foreign collaborations. It does not apply to funds provided to support foreign consultants, or purchasing unique equipment or supplies from foreign vendors. NIH plans to expand this policy to domestic subawards in the future, for consistency in implementing the new award structure.

Policy

Effective with the date of this notice and until the details of the new foreign collaboration award structure are released, NIH will not issue awards to domestic or foreign entities (new, renewal or non-competing continuation), that include a subaward to a foreign entity. Additionally, NIH will no longer accept prior approval requests to add a new foreign component or subaward to an ongoing project. In all cases, NIH will allow Institutes, Centers and Offices (ICOs) to renegotiate awards, whether new, renewal or non-competing, to remove subawards to foreign entities and, where the work can be performed domestically, allow the funds to be rebudgeted for use by the prime recipient (domestic or foreign) or a domestic subrecipient. If a project is no longer viable without the foreign subaward, NIH will work with the recipient to negotiate a bilateral termination of the project, taking into consideration any need to support patient safety and/or animal welfare.

Notices of Funding Opportunities (NOFOs) that state that foreign components are allowed are superseded by this notice. NIH will revise NOFOs to reflect the new award structure.

NSF Guidance

FSU Researchers: 

Please see the notice below, received from the National Science Foundation, regarding a new annual certification requirement for Principal Investigators (PIs) and Co-Principal Investigators (CoPIs) that takes effect on June 7, 2025.  Please contact the SRA Pre-Award General Mailbox SRA-Pre@fsu.edu or your Grants Officer if you have any questions.  

Dear Colleague,

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is providing this correspondence to inform organizations, and Authorized Organizational Representatives, of a new annual certification requirement for Principal Investigators (PIs) and co-Principal Investigators (co-PIs) regarding Malign Foreign Talent Recruitment Programs (MFTRP).

Starting on June 7, 2025, in accordance with the NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG) Chapter II.D.1.e(ii), all PIs or co-PIs named on an NSF award made on or after May 20, 2024, must certify annually in Research.gov that they are not party to a MFTRP. Individuals who are currently a party to a MFTRP are not eligible to serve as senior/key personnel on an NSF proposal or on any NSF award made on or after May 20, 2024. NSF is providing notification of this new requirement to impacted PIs and co-PIs.

What you need to know about completing the required MFTRP certification in Research.gov:

• There is no organizational certification requirement, the certification requirement is for PIs and co-PIs.
• Impacted PIs and co-PIs will be prompted to complete the MFTRP certification after signing into Research.gov using the Sign In link at the top of www.Research.gov.
• PIs and co-PIs with more than one active award made on or after May 20, 2024, are only required to certify once, annually.
• Once completed, PIs and co-PIs can view their MFTRP certification response under the Academic/Professional Information section of their profile.
• NSF is working to expand the MFTRP annual certification requirement for all senior/key personnel roles at a future date. Additionally, NSF is working to provide organizations with access to the annual certifications.
• Please see PAPPG Chapter II.D.1.d(ix) for information about Authorized Organizational Representative (AOR) responsibilities regarding senior/key personnel MFTRP certifications.
• Frequently Asked Questions and MFTRP contract examples will be available on the MFTRP section of the Office of the Chief of Research Security Strategy and Policy website shortly.

If you have any questions about this requirement, please contact researchsecurity@nsf.gov for additional guidance. System-related questions should be directed to the NSF IT Service Desk at 1-800-381-1532 (7:00 AM - 9:00 PM ET; Monday - Friday except federal holidays) or to the Research.gov team rgov@nsf.gov.

Best regards,

NSF Office of the Chief of Research Security Strategy and Policy